International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
type: channel
publisher: Jlali Research Institute of Social Sciences, Lahore
language: en
publication name: International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
issn: 3006-4732
copyright: Disclaimer: The International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences (IRJAHSS) upholds the principles of open access, ensuring unrestricted access to scholarly content to foster the sharing and advancement of knowledge. The opinions expressed in the articles solely belong to the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the journal's editorial team, editorial board, advisory board or research institute.
items: A Comparative Study of Private Sector Tenth Grade Learners' Ability in the Placement of Word Stress in Pronunciation
items: A Comparative Study of Public Sector Tenth Grade Learners' Ability in the Placement of Word Stress in Pronunciation
items: https://irjahss.com/index.php/ir/article/view/331
items: Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review
items: PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION AND VOLLEYBALL PERFORMANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY ATHLETES
items: Cultivating Ethical Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Role of Ethical Leadership, Islamic Work Ethics, and Organizational Justice on Organizational Commitment in Pakistan
items: Challenges Faced by Teachers in Implementing the Single National Curriculum (SNC) in District Ziarat- Quetta
items: Reinterpreting Rural Folklore Through Digital Media: A Study of Pakistani Children’s Interaction with Global Digital Games
items: Integration of Artificial Intelligence Tools to Enhance Conceptual Understanding in Elementary Science
items: Examining Conjugal Rights of Inmates under Pakistan’s Legal and Shari’ah Framework
items: Post-Crime Justice and Human Rights Protection during Criminal Proceedings
items: Jurisprudential Diversity in Early Islam: The Rise, Fall and Intellectual Survival of Extinct Legal Trepidation
items: The Evolving Artistic Representation Of Saint Joseph: From Medieval Humor To Early Modern Patron Of The Sick And Dying
items: From Sufi Dargah to Public Space – Living History and Cultural Place at the Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in the Town of Bhitshah, Sindh (Pakistan)
items: Optimizing Campus Landscapes a Comprehensive Study for Stress Reduction and Enhancing Student Well-Being
items: A Comparative Study Of Iqbal’s Khudi And Charles Taylor’s Selfhood
items: The Psychological Impact of Political Instability on Youth in Pakistan
items: 21st-Century Asia: Economic Implications of Climate Change Scenarios
items: Hashtags as Elliptical Clausal Constructions in Digital News Discourse: A Faircloughian Critical Discourse Analysis
items: THEORIES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND BALOCH NATIONALISM: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
items: Examining the Effectiveness of the Collaborative Teaching Approach in Fostering the Students' Humanistic Values at the Secondary Level in Pakistan
items: Negative emotions in consumers of empty calories in a higher institution in Sokoto, Nigeria
items: Negative Affectivity and Social Inhibition as Predictors of Health Behaviors: A Study of Type D Personality among cardiovascular patients
items: Integrated Micro-Statistical Frameworks for Predictive Validity in Climate and Policy Econometrics
items: The Embodiment of Justice, Sacrifice, and Reform in Islam
items: THE CONCEPT OF TIME IN ISLAM: BETWEEN DUNYĀ, ĀKHIRAH, AND MODERN PRODUCTIVITY SYSTEMS
items: https://irjahss.com/index.php/ir/article/view/296
items: The Art of Teaching Methods in Biology: Strategies, and Aids in a Narrative View
items: A Corpus-Assisted Study on the Co-existence of Standard British and American Englishes in the Age of Globalization in Pakistan
items: Association of Media Consumption on YouTube and Sleep Problems among Preschoolers: A Qualitative Study Based on Mothers’ Perspectives

A Comparative Study of Private Sector Tenth Grade Learners' Ability in the Placement of Word Stress in Pronunciation
type: item
description: This study investigated the effectiveness of different teaching methods in improving the ability of private sector tenth-grade learners to place word stress correctly in English pronunciation. The study was conducted at Dumfries High School of Excellence, Mandi Ahmad Abad, District Okara, Punjab. A quasi-experimental design was used with 120 students divided into four groups: Control, Grammar-Translation Method (GTM), Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), and Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). Pre-tests and post-tests consisting of written and oral sections were administered. The results showed no significant differences in the pre-test, but the post-test revealed significant improvement, with the Audio-Lingual Method group achieving the highest scores. The findings indicate that listening, repetition, and oral practice significantly improve learners’ word stress placement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: word stress, pronunciation, Audio-Lingual Method, Communicative Language Teaching, Grammar-Translation Method.
  topic: keywords
creator: Naveed Ahmad Taseer
creator: Professor Dr. Abdul Qayyum Chaudhry
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 450
ending page: 464
doi: 10.3456/q4wtp202

A Comparative Study of Public Sector Tenth Grade Learners' Ability in the Placement of Word Stress in Pronunciation
type: item
description: This study investigated the ability of public sector tenth-grade learners to place word stress accurately in English pronunciation and examined the effectiveness of different teaching methods in improving this skill. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 120 students divided into four groups: a control group taught through the traditional method and three experimental groups taught through the Grammar-Translation Method (GTM), Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), and the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). Pre-tests and post-tests were administered to assess learners’ performance in stress in pronunciation, sentence stress placement, and stress in context. The pre-test results indicated no significant differences among the groups, showing that they were homogeneous before the treatment. However, the post-test results revealed significant differences among the groups. The Audio-Lingual Method group achieved the greatest improvement in all areas of word stress placement, followed by the CLT and GTM groups, while the control group showed the least improvement. The findings suggest that teaching methods emphasizing listening, repetition, and oral practice are more effective in improving learners’ pronunciation skills. Therefore, it is recommended that the Audio-Lingual Method be adopted or integrated into pronunciation instruction to enhance learners’ ability to place word stress correctly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: word stress, pronunciation, Audio-Lingual Method, Communicative Language Teaching, Grammar-Translation Method, ESL learners
  topic: keywords
creator: Naveed Ahmad Taseer
creator: Professor Dr. Abdul Qayyum Chaudhry
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 244
ending page: 256
doi: 10.3456/v89aq169

https://irjahss.com/index.php/ir/article/view/331
type: item
title: Investigating the impact of Home-Based Parental Support on key Student Indicators of Motivation, Confidence, Self-Regulation, and Student Discipline in Secondary Schools of District Pishin, Balochistan
description: This study concentrated on parental support at home and how this affects student motivation, confidence, self-regulation, and academic performance in secondary schools in District Pishin, Balochistan. The quantitative survey design allowed the inquiry to be made. The population sample consisted of 620 students and 620 parents, both of whom were randomly sampled. Two structured questions of the Parental Opinion Survey Questionnaire and Student Opinion Survey Questionnaire were the data collection tools. The analysis of the data was aided by statistical packages of social sciences (SPSS) that facilitate descriptive as well as inferential statistics. Results were that there was a significant and positive relationship between regular parent-child discussion in academic activities and student achievement and motivation. The improved student achievement was also linked to academic goal setting by the parents. Lack of parental support was linked to lack of confidence and an increase in academic stress. Moreover, there was also a significant correlation between poor parental awareness and poor self-regulation, as well as poor academic achievement. Results also showed that parents' drop-off was highly correlated with being more timely and more disciplined. The observations of self-study and parental assistance were inconclusive. This paper shows that District Pishin, the calibre consistency and emotional strength of home-based parental support, is a major factor that can contribute towards the growth of students and their performance in academic work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parental support, Motivation, Self-regulation, Discipline, Secondary School, Pishin
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zaman
creator: Dr. Sadia Siddiqui
creator: Prof. Dr. Shahida Sajjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 231
ending page: 242
doi: 10.3456/98rj4720

Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Treatment-resistant depression TRD defined as the failure to achieve an adequate response after at least two antidepressant trials of sufficient dose and duration affects nearly one-third of patients with major depressive disorder MDD and emerging evidence implicates dysregulated neuroinflammatory processes in its pathophysiology, potentially explaining the limited efficacy of conventional monoamine-based therapies. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on neuroinflammatory mechanisms in TRD, focusing on peripheral inflammatory biomarkers, central microglial activation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and the therapeutic implications of targeting inflammation. A comprehensive search of PubMed MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase the Cochrane Library and Web of Science identified studies published between January 2005 and December 2025 reporting inflammatory biomarkers, neuroimaging findings, or anti-inflammatory interventions in adults with TRD or MDD with inflammatory subgroup analyses, and study quality assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the GRADE framework. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria, including observational studies, randomized controlled trials, neuroimaging studies, translational studies, and theoretical reviews, with consistent findings showing elevated levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein CRP and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in TRD and MDD patients compared to healthy controls. At the same time, TSPO PET neuroimaging demonstrated increased microglial activation in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula, and evidence suggested that blood-brain barrier disruption facilitates peripheral cytokine entry into the central nervous system. Anti-inflammatory agents, including infliximab, celecoxib, and ketamine, showed greater efficacy in patients with elevated baseline inflammatory markers. Overall, neuroinflammation represents a mechanistically coher…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: treatment-resistant depression, neuroinflammation, cytokines, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein, microglia, blood-brain barrier, TSPO-PET, anti-inflammatory therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Farina Masood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 210
ending page: 230
doi: 10.3456/hg415w81

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION AND VOLLEYBALL PERFORMANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY ATHLETES
type: item
description: This study examined the relationship between psychological skills and competitive performance among university volleyball players in Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 250 players (62% male; Mage = 21.6 years, SD = 2.4) from the University of the Education, Lahore and University of the Punjab, Lahore completed a 28-item expert-validated instrument assessing nine psychological dimensions: imagery, mental preparation, self-confidence, anxiety management, concentration, relaxation, motivation, team cohesion, and pre-competition routine. Chi-square analysis, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were applied. Strong positive profiles were identified across all dimensions: 88.0% endorsed systematic performance analysis, 86.8% affirmed team cohesion enhanced performance, 85.2% reported high motivational readiness, and 84.8% felt mentally prepared before competition. No significant differences emerged by gender (t(248) = −0.844, p = .530) or age group (F(2, 247) = 1.104, p = .618). Two areas warranted targeted intervention: calming self-efficacy (Q17: 30% neutral) and structured self-talk use (Q27: lowest endorsement). Findings support integration of formalised psychological skills training into Pakistani university volleyball programmes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: psychological skills training, volleyball performance, competitive anxiety, team cohesion, imagery, university sport, Pakistan, mental preparation
  topic: keywords
creator: Maheen Hashim Khan Burki
creator: Hozaifa Bin Asif
creator: Syed Ali Haider Naqvi
creator: Abdul Manan Faiz
creator: Muhammad Abdullah Maqsood
creator: Halima Sadia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 197
ending page: 209
doi: 10.3456/189hv726

Cultivating Ethical Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Role of Ethical Leadership, Islamic Work Ethics, and Organizational Justice on Organizational Commitment in Pakistan
type: item
description: In higher education institutions, organizational behavior is shaped not only by formal policies but also by informal institutions, including ethical principles, cultural traditions, and social norms. This study investigates the influence of Ethical Leadership (EL), Islamic Work Ethics (IWE), and Organizational Justice (OJ) on Organizational Commitment (OC) among academic and administrative staff in Pakistani universities. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected from 320 respondents across public and private universities in major cities and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that EL and IWE significantly enhance OJ, which in turn positively affects OC. Moreover, EL and IWE also have direct positive effects on OC. These results highlight the critical role of ethical leadership, Islamic work ethics, and justice perceptions in fostering professional commitment and a positive organizational climate in higher education. The study provides empirical evidence from a Muslim-majority context, offering practical insights for policymakers and institutional leaders to develop value-driven, ethically informed, and culturally responsive academic environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hina Saleem
creator: Dr. Syed Intasar Hussain Kazmi
creator: Mohsin Musaddiq Malik
creator: Hafiz Ahmed Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 180
ending page: 196
doi: 10.3456/kx2nhq30

Challenges Faced by Teachers in Implementing the Single National Curriculum (SNC) in District Ziarat- Quetta
type: item
description: The Single National Curriculum in Pakistan was one of the government’s strategies in trying to set targets and goals of improvement of educational standards to enhance the quality of education in the country. This quantitative explanatory study used a descriptive-correlational approach to explore the various challenges faced by teachers in implementing the Single National Curriculum in District Ziarat of the province of Baluchistan in Pakistan. Through a simple random sampling, 250 teachers from primary, secondary, middle, and higher secondary schools of district Ziarat were selected. A self-structured closed-ended questionnaire was developed to explore the various aspects of Teacher’s Challenges. Results demonstrate that teacher challenges are moderate to high across all dimensions, even though all categories of challenge are statistically significant in their distribution. Overall, teachers perceived notable challenges affecting curriculum implementation, with teacher autonomy and administrative and principal support showing slightly higher mean scores, indicating a stronger perceived impact. The results found that there is a significant relationship between teacher-related challenges (training, resources, autonomy, workload, and administration support) and the implementation of the SNC. Additionally, all dimensions of challenges are equally significant, suggesting a systematic and interconnected impact on SNC implementation rather than isolated issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Latif Ullah
creator: Prof. Dr. Shahida Sajjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
starting page: 168
ending page: 179
doi: 10.3456/gnjn5v26

Reinterpreting Rural Folklore Through Digital Media: A Study of Pakistani Children’s Interaction with Global Digital Games
type: item
description: The digital games are highly enjoyed by children worldwide as well as in Pakistan. These games are majorly produced elsewhere. Pakistani children do not however simply play them and have fun; however, they play these games to make their stories. Most of these tales are related to the countryside and folklore. This paper examines the combination of folk ideas with games like Minecraft, Roblox, Free Fire, Hay Day and COD Mobile by children. It also looks into the ways in which the children demonstrate heroism, teachings, female empowerment, animal theme and rural landscape during their play. The study is based on a qualitative approach. It examines gameplay, screen shots and close up shots. The results indicate that a child reconstructs village environment, assigns heroic roles to his or her avatars, and develops stories that have moral significance. Female and animal characters are also played actively by them. This paper demonstrates that folklore is not ancient and stable. It changes with time. Now it is able to expand online. The study contributes to visual culture, folklore studies and children media studies. It also implies that folk ideas may be preserved in the contemporary world with the help of digital games.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ayesha Latif
creator: Mamoona Zahid
creator: Fatima Shahzad
creator: Qurat ul Ain Waseem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 437
ending page: 449
doi: 10.3456/w8qeg955

Integration of Artificial Intelligence Tools to Enhance Conceptual Understanding in Elementary Science
type: item
description: Children do not understand science concepts well at the elementary level, as this stage introduces difficult scientific terms and concepts. Therefore, the traditional teaching method is no longer proving effective. The purpose of this research was to examine the results of integrating artificial intelligence tools into teaching. For this purpose, the artificial intelligence tools Kahoot and PhET Interactive Simulations were used. These tools not only provide free services in Pakistan but are also easy to use. Government Boys High School Gaddai, D.G. Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan, was selected for this experimental research, and the experiment was conducted with students of Class 8th. A total of 60 average-scoring students were included in this experiment. Then, two groups were formed through fishbowl random sampling, and pre-testing was conducted. One group was taught using traditional methods, and the other group was taught using artificial intelligence tools for three months. Then, the children were given a post-test, and the concepts of the children who were taught using artificial intelligence tools were much better. It is recommended that integrating artificial intelligence tools into elementary-level science subjects can increase children's conceptual understanding.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Muhammad Anees ul Husnain Shah
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Khan
creator: Dr. Sabir Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 155
ending page: 167
doi: 10.3456/w62e2b04

Examining Conjugal Rights of Inmates under Pakistan’s Legal and Shari’ah Framework
type: item
description: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the Islamic and legal aspects of conjugal right of prisoners in the Pakistani system of penitentiaries. Despite the fact that imprisonment implies the limitation of individual freedom, inmates still have the right to a system of human entitlement in the form of international, regional and domestic legal policies. This paper examines the basic Sharia principles and underlying constitutional, statutory and judicial perspectives in a bid to find out the degree to which the Islamic law recognizes marital intimacy among the incarcerated. The study employs a qualitative research design through the assessment of constitutional requirements, prison policies, international standards, and human rights reports. The results suggest that the formalization of conjugal rights is important not only in saving human dignity and effectiveness of rehabilitative interventions but also in ensuring family cohesion. Additionally, the use of marital visitations is an effective intervention in reducing institutionalization of homosexuality and the spread of sexually oriented diseases among the prisoners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conjugal Rights, Shari, Law, Prison Reform, Human rights, Pakistan Penal System, Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Asadullah Almani
creator: Asif Ali Buriro
creator: Anosha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 851
ending page: 860
doi: 10.3456/j703q587

Post-Crime Justice and Human Rights Protection during Criminal Proceedings
type: item
description: Crime is a direct violation of interests that are legally guaranteed, but its consequences frequently create secondary and systemic human rights issues. This paper analyses the studies on the connection between the criminal process and safeguarding human rights in the post-crime settings, and its application to the victims, individuals accused, and the community at large. As victims are faced with procedural complexity, institutional, and re-victimization risks, accused persons are often threatened with fair trial assurances, dignity, and due process. At the same time, the reaction of society to crime can lead to punitive policies which can threaten constitutional protection. Basing on the international human rights law, modern legal studies, and comparative criminal justice, the paper suggests a rights-based framework of post-crime governance. It claims that justice should not be equated merely with punishment but should incorporate mechanisms to support victims, procedural fairness, rehabilitative pathways, and structural reform in legal institutions. This study finds that criminal processes can be legitimized and can be combined with the constitutional and international obligation to comply with human rights, which can restore trust in the community and provide social stability in the long term.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Tehreem Farrukh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 736
ending page: 749
doi: 10.3456/f5z8e878

Jurisprudential Diversity in Early Islam: The Rise, Fall and Intellectual Survival of Extinct Legal Trepidation
type: item
description: This article is an analytical and exhaustive study and research on the extinct Islamic schools of legal thought (madhahib) and measures their long-term relevance on jurisprudence of today. Although a number of four main schools of jurisprudence are currently associated with the Sunni tradition, including Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, the history of Islam has seen a number of other important tradition of jurisprudence that have since either faded or evaporated in the form of an institution. In this research, a particular attention will be paid to the legal methodology and the intellectual input of the prominent jurists, such as Imam al-Awza'i, Imam Sufyan al-Thawri, Imam Layth ibn Saad, Imam Abu Thawr, Imam al-Tabari, and the Zahiri school of thought developed by Imam Dawud al-Isfahani. This research explores the intricate historical background and the multidimensional causes, which resulted in the fact that these schools were eventually extinguished. Among the critical aspects evaluated are unsystematic codification of their principles, the inability of the students to maintain and transmit the juristic heritage of their masters, the inability to offer central institutional support, and the changing tastes of governing officials. Although the schools have vanished institutionally, the article does suggest that they still have a role to play in the wider history of Islamic law.With the analysis of the modern practice the paper sheds some light in how the principles and judgments of these early jurists are applicable even in the present day. Their thoughts have been assimilated into the current form of the law and they remain a source of critical resource in contemporary ijtihad (autonomous legal reasoning) on solving contemporary socio-economic and mercantile problems. The author concludes that these extinct schools are too important to be ignored in the study of the diversity, breadth, and development of Islamic law.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Shoaib Madni
creator: Dr. Mufti Hafiz Jahanzeb Rana
creator: Dr Ali Raza Abidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 726
ending page: 735
doi: 10.3456/jbj67888

The Evolving Artistic Representation Of Saint Joseph: From Medieval Humor To Early Modern Patron Of The Sick And Dying
type: item
description: This paper discusses the artistic development of Saint Joseph, which is multifaceted and starts with the medieval Christian art and its canons and arrives at the point of major development of the artist as the patron saint of the sick and dying in the Early Modern period. It suggests that the visual transformation of Saint Joseph from a figure sometimes endowed with some moments of medieval humor (even if he was at times represented as a "bumbling old fool") to an idealized, dignified patriarchal protector had an intrinsic connection to the rise of his importance in religious devotion and social need. By considering changes in iconography, depictions of art, as well as the theological interpretations of depictions, the paper considers how previous, more relatable depictions set the stage for his later veneration as an intercessor for a "good death." The research especially notes the work of the Counter-Reformation and the general concern of society for illness and death as a whole that drove a reconsideration of Saint Joseph's role, whose image soon appeared everywhere in the Christian world, especially in hospitals and medical facilities, bringing comfort and an example of tranquillity. In the end, this study throws a lot of light on the dynamism of the interaction of art and theology, as well as human experience, in the formation of one of the most lasting figures in the Christian religion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: AYESHA LATIF
creator: MAMOONA ZAHID
creator: DR. AMNA KHALID
creator: FATIMA SHAHZAD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
starting page: 141
ending page: 154
doi: 10.3456/jy8wpc10

From Sufi Dargah to Public Space – Living History and Cultural Place at the Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in the Town of Bhitshah, Sindh (Pakistan)
type: item
description: The Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (1689 -1752), a popular Sufi saint is a site of religious importance as well as a cultural heritage for the people of Sindh. Most importantly, it is representative of the collective memory of a social group, passed on through familial ties. Dating back to 1754, the shrine marking the center of the town, fulfills multiple functions today and has multiple groups/ institutions taking ownership of it. Despite the evolution, the case is a unique example of a surviving living heritage. The following paper outlines the functional evolution of the shrine, highlighting the factors responsible for its persistence and harmonious blend with later additional uses adding richness to its experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Masooma Mohib Shakir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
starting page: 111
ending page: 123
doi: 10.3456/b05tyt54

Optimizing Campus Landscapes a Comprehensive Study for Stress Reduction and Enhancing Student Well-Being
type: item
description: This research investigates strategies to enhance open outdoor spaces at UET Abbottabad campus, aiming to cultivate a health-oriented and culturally enriched environment conducive to students’ well-being. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data collection included questionnaires distributed via digital platforms and participant observations during peak hours. The study focused on understanding student utilisation patterns, preferences for improvements, and the integration of cultural elements in outdoor space design. Findings revealed significant underutilisation of current spaces, influenced by basic maintenance and available facilities, prompting student demands for increased seating, shaded areas, and amenities such as water features and Wi-Fi connectivity. Recommendations emerged for enhancing greenery with regional plants, improving pathways and lighting for safety and usability, establishing functional study areas with power outlets, and incorporating cultural elements such as art installations and themed gardens. These enhancements aim to foster a more inclusive and dynamic campus environment, supporting diverse student activities, from social interactions to academic pursuits. By addressing these insights comprehensively, the research proposes strategies to transform outdoor spaces into vibrant hubs that promote holistic student development and contribute to a more engaging campus experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Ghousia Saeed
creator: Syed Sibtain Ali Naqvi
creator: Junaid Sohail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
starting page: 95
ending page: 110
doi: 10.3456/my1dcx73

A Comparative Study Of Iqbal’s Khudi And Charles Taylor’s Selfhood
type: item
description: This study presents a comparative analysis of Charles Taylor’s concept of Selfhood and Allama Iqbal’s concept of Khudi, focusing on the understanding of human identity, freedom, and moral development. Taylor’s Selfhood emphasizes the social and cultural dimensions of the self, highlighting the role of recognition, community, and historical context in shaping individual identity. In contrast, Iqbal’s Khudi underscores the inner, spiritual, and moral empowerment of the self, developed through self-realization, discipline, and purposeful action. By examining these perspectives side by side, the study identifies both convergences and divergences in the philosophical understanding of selfhood. The comparison demonstrates that while Taylor situates freedom and authenticity within social and cultural frameworks, Iqbal situates them within spiritual growth and moral responsibility. The analysis provides a cross-cultural insight into the formation of identity, highlighting the interplay between social, ethical, and spiritual factors. This research contributes to philosophical discourse, educational theory, and ethical reflection, offering a framework for understanding the self in contemporary society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Selfhood, Khudi, Identity, Freedom, Moral Development, Charles Taylor, Allama Iqbal, Comparative Philosophy
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Atiq-ur-Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 568
ending page: 575
doi: 10.3456/8vtytc74

The Psychological Impact of Political Instability on Youth in Pakistan
type: item
description: Political instability has long been a defining characteristic of Pakistan’s socio-political landscape, leading to significant psychological consequences for its youth. This longitudinal study examines how political upheavals, economic crises, and governance failures affect the mental health, emotional well-being, and social behavior of young people in Pakistan. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study tracks changes in anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and political engagement among youth over a decade. The findings reveal a strong correlation between prolonged instability and increased stress levels, loss of trust in institutions, and a decline in civic participation. The study also explores coping mechanisms, such as social activism, migration aspirations, and resilience-building strategies, among Pakistani youth. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of how political uncertainty influences the psychological landscape of emerging generations and offer policy recommendations to mitigate these adverse effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Political instability, youth psychology, mental health, stress, anxiety, depression, governance, longitudinal study.
  topic: keywords
creator: Saima Safi
creator: Dr. Muhammad Tariq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-08
publication date: 2026-02-08
starting page: 87
ending page: 94
doi: 10.3456/tqkhdg17

21st-Century Asia: Economic Implications of Climate Change Scenarios
type: item
description: This paper presents a comprehensive forward-looking assessment of how climate change is likely to reshape economic growth trajectories across Asia throughout the twenty-first century. Leveraging historical estimates derived from a Pooled Mean GroupAutoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) model for 1971–2024, the study quantifies the long-run elasticity of GDP with respect to temperature and climate variability. These empirically derived parameters are integrated into probabilistic climate pathways from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1.9–SSP8.5), enabling a set of dynamic GDP simulations under alternative warming outcomes through 2100. The results demonstrate a pronounced divergence across scenarios: under the ambitious mitigation pathway (SSP1.9), Asia maintains robust economic expansion, achieving up to 40 percent higher GDP by the century’s end relative to business-as-usual expectations. In contrast, the severe warming scenario (SSP8.5) produces substantial macroeconomic deterioration, with cumulative output losses reaching approximately 74 percent due to heightened heat stress, reduced labor productivity, climate-induced capital depreciation, and disruption of agricultural and industrial supply chains. These projections reveal that climate change is not only an environmental threat but a decisive structural determinant of Asia’s long-run development prospects. The paper concludes by outlining the economic rationale for accelerated decarbonization, climate-resilient infrastructure investment, and adaptive governance reforms as essential pathways to safeguarding sustainable and inclusive growth under intensifying climate uncertainty.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Allah Ditta
creator: Ahmed Gulzar
creator: Muhammad Saeed Hashmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 690
ending page: 710
doi: 10.3456/j8y37524

Hashtags as Elliptical Clausal Constructions in Digital News Discourse: A Faircloughian Critical Discourse Analysis
type: item
description: The rise of social media has transformed news communication, with hashtags emerging as prominent linguistic tools that shape public understanding and discourse. Despite growing research on digital media, limited attention has been paid to the structural and ideological functions of hashtags as elliptical clausal constructions in news posts. The current study aims to investigate how hashtags in digital news on X function linguistically and ideologically through the lens of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings of the study reveal that hashtags compress complex propositions into minimal forms, enabling news organizations to frame events, obscure agency, and influence audience interpretation, thereby reinforcing dominant ideological narratives. The study recommends further research into cross-platform comparisons and the role of multimodal elements, such as emojis, in conjunction with hashtags, to deepen understanding of digital news discourse practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hashtags, Digital News Discourse, Critical Discourse Analysis, Ideology, New Media Discourse, X (Twitter)
  topic: keywords
creator: Kinza Sajid
creator: Dr. Mahwish Shamim
creator: Rabail Memom
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 63
ending page: 77
doi: 10.3456/3xep0375

THEORIES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND BALOCH NATIONALISM: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
type: item
description: This paper is designed to come with analysis of Baloch Ethno-Nationalists politics on theoretical basis. Theories of ethnic conflict are important to study to examine properly and explain Baloch ethnic-conflict and correlation amongst situations such as economic, political and social. Similarly, theories of ethnic-conflict are important to develop understandings of different situations as well as conflicts that arise in multi-ethnic state of Pakistan in post-colonial era. Theories of ethnic conflict also help in analyzing the Baloch Nationalists political unrest, research domains for understanding political situation in Balochistan and the process to avoid violence in discriminatory socio-political conditions. By understanding these phenomenon, it helps in understanding violence against state of Pakistan by segment of a Baloch society on ethnic basis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: HAFIZ NAJEEB ULLAH
creator: DR. ABDUL ZAHOOR KHAN
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 426
ending page: 436
doi: 10.3456/fv7qfs77

Examining the Effectiveness of the Collaborative Teaching Approach in Fostering the Students' Humanistic Values at the Secondary Level in Pakistan
type: item
description: The research titled “Examining the Collaborative Approach to Teaching in Fostering Humanistic Values” explores how an individual’s scholastic methods contribute to the community and society as a whole, fostering values such as compassion, reverence, honesty, integrity, generosity, kindness, resilience, creativity, personal growth, and an appreciation for different viewpoints and experiences. The study is quantitative in nature and grounded in the positivist paradigm. Its design is structured and systematic, following a deductive approach. For data collection, the researcher used a closed-ended questionnaire (a 5-point Liker scale). The population for the study consisted of 350 teachers, selected as a cluster for data collection. The researcher made careful efforts to ensure the trustworthiness and credibility of the study, employing a numerical approach to ensure validity and reliability. The quantitative data was statistically analyzed using an independent samples t-test in SPSS version 20.0. Within the realm of inferential statistics, the independent samples t-test was used to analyze the data. Wrapping up the topic, the researcher examines how collaboration in teaching is a valuable method for nurturing humanistic values among learners. By encouraging compassion, reverence, honesty, integrity, generosity, and other values, educators can enhance not only students' intellectual knowledge but also their development as successful members of society. For successful outcomes, educators must carefully plan collaborative activities, facilitate effective group dynamics, and ensure that all student voices are heard and valued timely. It has been observed that a lack of collaborative teaching can create a significant divide and lead to negative consequences for students. The study offers valuable insights for policy planners, researchers, teachers, curriculum developers, and parents in Pakistan to develop programs that address the humanistic needs of students. Finally, the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Afsar Sultana
creator: Dr. Intizar Husain
creator: Dr. Rafiqul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 412
ending page: 425
doi: 10.3456/za26q136

Negative emotions in consumers of empty calories in a higher institution in Sokoto, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study explores the link between consuming empty calories (energy drinks) and negative emotions among students at Sultan Abdurrahman College of Health Technology, Gwadabawa, Sokoto, Nigeria. A survey designed was applied among 62 participants that returned the questionnaire for further analysis. The research reveals that students experience sadness (37.1%), anxiety (33.9%), anger (22.6%), and fear (6.5%) due to energy drink consumption. Reasons for consumption include avoiding sleepiness (51.6%), feeling happy (22.6%), satisfying hunger (16.1%), and overworking (9.7%). The study suggests that health educators can leverage these negative emotions to promote awareness and encourage students to avoid empty calories.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Students, empty calories, emotions, negative emotions, anxiety
  topic: keywords
creator: Shehu Umar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-27
publication date: 2025-01-27
starting page: 57
ending page: 62
doi: 10.3456/zb0r7j31

Negative Affectivity and Social Inhibition as Predictors of Health Behaviors: A Study of Type D Personality among cardiovascular patients
type: item
description: Negative Affectivity (NA) and Social Inhibition (SI) qualities, which are linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), combine to form the Type D Personality. Although psychological dispositions are known to be important in preventing CVD, little research has been done on how these two factors relate to patients' participation in health-promoting behaviors. The goal of this study was to determine whether Type D personality traits can serve as predictors of patients' engagement in health-promoting behaviors and whether Type D personality does, in fact, have an impact on patients' participation in healthy lifestyle choices. Standardized examinations of Type D personality and health-promoting activities were utilized to gather data from individuals with cardiovascular disease as part of a correlational research technique. Version 25.0 of the SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The study variables and the demographics of the sample participants were described using descriptive statistics, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was employed to look at the association between NA, SI, and general health-promoting activities. We examined the impact of social inhibition and negative affectivity on general health behavior using multiple linear regression analysis. It was hypothesized that Type D personality traits would predict overall engagement in healthy behaviors and that they were connected with overall health behavior. Health care providers could better identify patients who would be at risk of poor cardiovascular health and assist in developing focused, evidence-based behavioral health interventions by understanding the impact of Type D personality in adherence to healthy behaviors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Negative Affectivity, Social Inhibition, Health Behaviors, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type-D Personality
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Matloob
creator: Dr. Khawer Bilal Baig
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-23
publication date: 2026-01-23
starting page: 47
ending page: 56
doi: 10.3456/qwc6hh53

Integrated Micro-Statistical Frameworks for Predictive Validity in Climate and Policy Econometrics
type: item
description: This study proposes and applies an integrated micro-statistical framework to evaluate predictive validity in climate and policy econometrics. It has been found that traditional microeconometric models are highly cause interpretive but exhibit low predictivity, and modern statistical methods of learning do not have structural transparency but can make more predictions. By integrating microeconometric estimation, hierarchical multilevel modeling and machine-learned based predictive analytics into a single framework, this article fills this divide. Based on micro-level data on climate exposure, policy support and economic outcomes, the study evaluates the predictive performance based on cross-validated error measures and examines the moderating impact of policy intervention on climate-induced economic vulnerability.The results reveal that the combined model is significantly better in predictive validity with reduced RMSE and MAE and increased predictive R 2 compared to other traditional fixed-effects, multilevel-only, and machine-learn-only models. Findings also indicate that specific policy interventions can go a long way in offsetting the negative impacts of climate surprises on the income stability of households, agricultural output, and energy usage behavior, and with regional and income disparities in their impacts. The stability of results is confirmed by robustness checks based on alternative climate indices, subsample estimations and sensitivity analysis.The article advances predictive analytics and empirical strategies in climate and policy econometrics, methodologically, by bringing together the causal inference and predictive analytics. In substance, it emphasizes the significant role of micro-level heterogeneity as well as the effects of interaction in determining climate resilience. The research paper is concluded with finding that integrated micro-statistical frameworks can be more accurately used in predicting distributional effects and informing adaptiv…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Natasha Nadeem
creator: Nabila Waleed
creator: Zainab Muzafar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 26
ending page: 46
doi: 10.3456/d4r8fw35

The Embodiment of Justice, Sacrifice, and Reform in Islam
type: item
description: This exploration paper examines the life, charge, and enduring heritage of Hazrat Imam Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī( A.S.), the deified grandson of Prophet Muḥammad( ﷺ), whose martyrdom at Karbalāʾ represents one of the most defining moments in Islamic history. The study aims to explore the ethical, spiritual, and socio- political confines of Imam Ḥusayn’s struggle against the loose rule of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, pressing his unvarying commitment to verity( ḥaqq), justice( ʿadl), and reform( iṣlāḥ). Using a qualitative and descriptive methodology, the exploration draws from primary Islamic sources including ḥadīth, Qurʾānic elucidation, and classical literal accounts — as well as secondary scholarly interpretations to give a comprehensive understanding of his part as a moral leftist and a godly companion. The findings indicate that Imam Ḥusayn’s stage was n't simply a political defiance but a profound act of moral and spiritual resistance aimed at conserving the true spirit of Islam. His immolation readdressed generalities of leadership, faith, and justice, establishing a universal paradigm that continues to inspire religious and philanthropic movements worldwide. The paper concludes that Imam Ḥusayn’s heritage transcends time, side, and terrain — remaining an eternal symbol of courage, immolation, and verity in the face of despotism. His communication continues to serve as a guiding light for religionists seeking righteousness, ethical governance, and loyal devotion to Allah’s command.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Shoaib Arif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 677
ending page: 689
doi: 10.3456/7j6kvf51

THE CONCEPT OF TIME IN ISLAM: BETWEEN DUNYĀ, ĀKHIRAH, AND MODERN PRODUCTIVITY SYSTEMS
type: item
description: Time( * al- waqt *) occupies a intermediary theological, ethical, and empirical situation in Islam. The Qur’ān persistently directs mortal concentration toward the nippy passage of time and the virtuous consequences trussed to its use. This composition investigates the Islamic conception of time by examining Qur’ānic fabrics, Predictive traditions, prescriptive education, and coincidental intellectual converse. It also contrasts the Islamic worldview of time — embedded in responsibility, * niyyah *, unsubstantial discipline, and imperishable exposure with ultramodern productivity systems similar as time- blocking, effectiveness fabrics, and cognitive optimization models. Through a qualitative textual dissection of primary Islamic sources and secondary erudite literature, this study demonstrates that Islamic time ethics present a further integrative and holistic paradigm. While ultramodern productivity models prioritize effectiveness, affair, and acquirement in the * dunyā *, Islamic training advance a clearheaded model in which productivity is spiritually anchored, innocently chastened, and aligned with * ākhirah *- acquainted knowledge. The rulings punctuate Islam’s distinct path time is a godly trust( * amānah *) whose proper application transforms diurnal conduct into spiritually meaningful trials, adding * barakah * and cerebral well- being. This exploration concludes that consorting Islamic principles with coincidental productivity tools yields a sustainable, immorally predicated, and purpose- driven frame for the ultramodern Muslim.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Shoaib Arif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 256
ending page: 263
doi: 10.3456/rzgzmv24

https://irjahss.com/index.php/ir/article/view/296
type: item
title: Analyzing Gendered Speech Styles and Power Negotiation in Professional and Casual Face-to-Face and Digital Interactions: An Interactional Sociolinguistic Study of Politeness Strategies and Identity Construction
description: This paper examines how gendered speech style is used as an interactional resource in negotiation of power and construction of identity in the workplace and non-work settings of both personal and online communication. The frame of the research is based on the modern sociolinguistic studies which develop the concept of gender as socially constructed and performed phenomenon, and specific to the institutional conventions and communicative contexts. The main aim of the research will be to investigate the use of politeness strategies, turn-taking, directives, modality, stance-taking, and multimodal cues as strategic methods to negotiate the authority and social relations by speakers. The study has a mixed-methods design, with a qualitative predominant approach on an interpretivist research paradigm methodologically. Using purposive sampling so that data are balanced in gender and can be compared contextually, data are gathered through natural interactions that occur in the workplace, such as professional meetings, casual conversation, WhatsApp messages, and Zoom interactions. The theory is based on the Interactional Sociolinguistics, Politeness Theory, and social constructionist approaches to gender and identity. The interactional discourse analysis is used to analyze the data with the assistance of the thematic coding and partial quantitative frequency analysis. The conclusions demonstrate that gendered speech styles are contextual and being tactical. Female interactional and emotional labor is carried out more by mitigation and alignment than by direct and authoritative forms, which are more common between men (especially in professional face-to-face environments). There is no evidence of the end of gendered power asymmetries in digital communication, which instead reconfigures them. On the whole, the analysis shows that gender alone does not predetermine power and identity, but it is the everyday interaction that does.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Gendered Speech, Power Negotiation, Politeness Strategies, Interactional Sociolinguistics, Identity Construction, Digital Discourse, Face-to-Face Interaction, Workplace Communication, Modality, Stance-Taking
creator: Barira Ibraheem
creator: Dr. Muhammad Siddique
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 392
ending page: 411
doi: 10.3456/tbhqm178

The Art of Teaching Methods in Biology: Strategies, and Aids in a Narrative View
type: item
description: Classroom procedure is a crucial aspect of effective teaching, involving careful consideration of instructional objectives, entering behavior, instructional procedures, and performance assessment. Instructional objectives outline what learners should achieve, guiding teachers in selecting lesson plans and methods. These objectives encompass cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, emphasizing knowledge acquisition, emotional growth, and skill development. Entering behavior connects new instruction to prior knowledge, while instructional procedures involve presenting lessons in an organized, step-wise manner. Performance assessment measures student achievement, informing future teaching strategies. Various teaching methods, such as lectures, demonstrations, discussions, and field trips, offer distinct advantages and disadvantages. Audio-visual teaching aids, including podcasts, videos, and interactive whiteboards, enhance learning by engaging multiple senses. By understanding these concepts, educators can create engaging, effective learning environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Classroom, teaching, methods, audio, visual, assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Nafisa Abdulrahman Ashafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-12-01
publication date: 2026-12-01
starting page: 17
ending page: 25
doi: 10.3456/xc327s20

A Corpus-Assisted Study on the Co-existence of Standard British and American Englishes in the Age of Globalization in Pakistan
type: item
description: This research documents a comprehensive empirical documentation of the co-existence of Standard British English (SBE) and American Englishes (AmE) in modern Pakistan. This perspective leaves a critical gap within the existing sociolinguistics literature. The research employed a mixed-method approach, a sort of triangulation technique to investigate the empirical evidence collected from Pakistani corpus of 50,000 words, interviews (N-10), and questionnaires (N=50). The findings depict that the use of different terms from each standard variety is not random but a structured process. A clear clash emerged between the perceived prestige of Standard British English which is linked with official documentation, and the perceived utility of American English which is further associated with globalization and digitization. This majorly points towards the term “stratified diglossia” where the use of Standard British and American English within Pakistani English highlight depends on the context users are in. The respondents also reported the use of code-mixing, code-switching, and linguistic schizophrenia which is mostly context-driven. Consequently, the co-existence of British and American English is not a competition but a structured process and functional distribution which revolves around complex, dual-identity of a post-colonial country.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Standard British English (SBE), American English, Pakistani English, Post-colonial nation, sociolinguistics, globalization, corpus, World Englishness
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor Fatima
creator: Dr. Humaira Irfan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.3456/skqmbh02

Association of Media Consumption on YouTube and Sleep Problems among Preschoolers: A Qualitative Study Based on Mothers’ Perspectives
type: item
description: The increasing exposure of preschoolers to digital media (especially cartoons and AI generated content on YouTube) is causing concern worldwide, as this has an impact on both sleep quality and a child's early development. By going back 10,000 years in our biological memories, it is possible to appreciate the quintessential role of darkness in child sleep. Mothers are children's primary caregivers and so should have a clear understanding of their media consumption and their sleep patterns. This qualitative study was conducted to analyze how YouTube effect on two- to six-years old children and in particular the point problem from the viewpoint of mothers whose child has spent time living. Through Qualitative survey (open ended questions) of 294 mothers of 2 to 6 years preschooler aged children. This work attempts to describe in detail various sleeping problems among two-to six-year-old children due to spending excessive time on YouTube. Data was analyzed using the six phase thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke and the results showed five main themes: excessive media consumption on YouTube in everyday routines, delay to falling asleep and bedtime resistance, awakening at night and restless sleep, emotional and behavioral dysregulation, maternal awareness and challenges in regulation of excessive media consumption on YouTube. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest a strong bonding between excessive media consumption habits and sleep problems among preschoolers. Parents need to be educated about their effect on children's bedtime habits and given guidelines from authorities in order that it may not become widespread; intervention programs can also help children establish new healthy patterns.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Media Consumption, Screen Time, sleep problems, preschool children, mothers’ perceptions
  topic: keywords
creator: MINAL ASFAND
creator: MUHAMMAD RIAZ
creator: MUHAMMAD NASIR BUTT
creator: FARRAH MEHMOOD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Research Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 369
ending page: 382
doi: 10.3456/7hhssj68