Social Media Use and Self-Image in University Students: The Influence of Social Media on Body Appreciation, Self-Esteem, Self-Concept Clarity and FOMO

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of social media use on self-image among university students, with a particular focus on self-esteem, body appreciation, and self-concept clarity. Drawing on a sample of 300 undergraduate students (142 male, 170 female) from Pakistani universities, the research examines the mediating roles of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and validation-seeking behaviors such as likes, comments, and follower counts. The methodology employed a cross-sectional design using standardized psychometric instruments: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Self-Concept Clarity Scale, and the FOMO Scale.Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. Pearson correlation results indicated a significant negative association between daily social media usage and self-image components. Females reported significantly lower self-esteem and body appreciation scores compared to males, alongside higher FOMO levels. Reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha confirmed strong internal consistency across all scales (α > .85). These findings underscore the psychosocial cost of digital engagement among youth, particularly in collectivist cultures where gender roles and social conformity amplify digital pressures.Findings of the analysis showed that time spent with social media was significantly and negatively correlated with every aspect of self-image (self-esteem, body appreciation and self-concept clarity). The fear of missing out (FOMO) was mostly reliant on concern over digital validation (likes, followers). The regularity of participation that was assessed with SMEQ was also observed to be connected with the low self-concept clarity and augmented FOMO.